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Hole Drillings
Essential Drilling Equipment for Water Wells
There are several basic items of drilling equipment necessary for drilling water wells. The basic items include a drill rig, different heads, liner or casing, and pipes. Pressured water tools are also used to loosen rocky areas that can break the drill bits.
A drill rig is an essential piece of drilling equipment. There are two types of drill rigs, rotary and cable. Cable drills pound straight into the ground. Rotary drill rigs make circular motions as they dig through the earth. They require a number of drill bits. The cutting or boring heads are what make the hole. Drill heads are made of tungsten or other hardened metals to grind through rocks. The rocks are sprayed with a solution of mud and water that is streamed into the hole to flush out any debris and keep the drill bits cool. The mud and water combination returns to the surface carrying the waste in pipes that clean the hole out while the drill is working.
Casings are used to stop cave-ins from occurring while drilling. This necessary drilling equipment also protects water pipes from the cold weather, which can cause them to freeze. They are made of plastic or steel that lines the walls of the water well. A two-inch gap, known as an annulus, is kept between the casing and the well. The annulus is packed with gravel, and the 20 feet closest to the surface is capped off with cement. The annulus exists to prevent any unwanted particulates moving to the water from the surface. Surface contaminates can destroy a water well and contaminate the aquifer.
Pressurized water tools or hydrofraction tools are important pieces of drilling equipment. They break apart hard rock areas that can impede drills by spraying pressurized water into rock fissures, which makes them expand. The pressure ranges from 500 PSI to 2,500 PSI, and they are alternated with drill bits every 500 feet. When the pressure gauges show that the pressure drops, the well opens and becomes loose because it allows more water inside. Hydrofraction tools are also implemented to make the drilling process faster when a drill bit becomes warm. Additionally, they help clean out well and increase production of older wells.
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What effect drillings for geothermal energy has underground?
Grout cement is injected the geothermal pipes drill underground and abandoned holes as well.
There are two distinct ways to tap the Earth's heat that come under the name "geothermal." One is the high level of heat that is found in volcanic areas that can be used to operate a traditional thermal power plant with its traditional steam driven turbine generators. The other type is used to heat houses and buildings. Through principals of refrigeration a heat pump is used to extract heat from the earth, often using water in wells, ponds or lakes.
I believe you are referring to the former type. There are a host of concerns for any industrial or widespread energy source. Geothermal applications are generally in environmentally fragile areas. Steam around such systems usually has a very high and generally toxic mineral content. Initial drilling and other construction are disruptive to the environment. There is concern that some drilling may be associated with earthquakes: http://www.cleantech.com/news/4998/geothermal-drilling-triggers-german This might not be entirely unreasonable where good sites are so because they are geologically active.
But there is also a "dry rock" technique where the attempt is to simply drill deep enough to get a hot enough rock to heat water to steam. (about 15000 feet.) This was what was being done at Basel, Switzerland when their earthquakeoccurredd. It seems that when the water to be heated is injected into the Earth it can cause some slippage and this is what we feel as an earthquake: http://www.statesboroherald.com/news/archive/4951/
But just to keep all this in perspective, methods of energy gathering have to be weighed one to the other and perhaps to none at all. Civilization runs on energy. Uncivilized may not be too strong a description. Without it the world would be a very different place. Although this might sometimes be tempting, you might not like that either if you had to live there all the time.
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